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Cambeba people
The Cambeba people (also known as the Omagua, Umana, and Kambeba) are an indigenous people in Brazil's Amazon Basin, with territory extending into Peru. They speak the Omagua language. The Cambeba exist today in small numbers, but they were a populous, organized society in the late Pre-Columbian era. Their population suffered steep decline, mostly from infectious diseases, in the early years of the Columbian Exchange.
The name ''Cambeba'' seems to have been applied by other neighboring tribes and refers to the Omagua custom of flattening their children's heads by binding a piece of wood to the forehead soon after birth. Omagua women would jeer at the women from other tribes, saying that their heads were "round like those of forest savages." In the 18th century, the Omaguas would point out to travelers that their flattened foreheads were a sign of cultural superiority over their neighbors, and for a long time they resisted abandoning this custom, even under missionary pressure.[David Graham Sweet, "Samuel Fritz, S. J. and the Founding of the Portuguese Carmelite Mission to the Solimões," chapter 6 of ''A Rich Realm of Nature Destroyed: The Middle Amazon Valley, 1640-1750.'' Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1974. )〕]
==Pre-Columbian era==
Recent archaeological work has revealed evidence of semi-domesticated orchards, as well as vast areas of land enriched with terra preta. Both of these discoveries, along with Cambeba ceramics discovered within the same archaeological levels, suggest that a large and organized civilization existed in the area prior to European contact.〔(Juan Forero, "Scientists find evidence discrediting theory Amazon was virtually unlivable" ), ''Washington Post,'' September 5, 2010〕 There is also evidence for complex large-scale, pre-Columbian social formations, including chiefdoms, in many areas of Amazonia (particularly the inter-fluvial regions) and even large towns and cities. Amazonians may have used ''terra preta'' to make the land suitable for the large-scale agriculture needed to support dense populations and complex social formations such as chiefdoms.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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